Slacks-Based Measure Models in Data Envelopment Analysis: Review of the Literature

Emrouznejad, A, , Ł. Brzezicki, and C. Lu (2025) The Development and Evolution of Slacks-Based Measure Models in Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature, Journal of Economic Surveys, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12682.

 

List of papers on Slacks-Based Measure Models in Data Envelopment Analysis (SBM-DEA)

• • Afzalinejad, M., and Z. Abbasi.2019. “A Slacks-Based Model for Dynamic Data Envelopment Analysis. “Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization 15, no.1: 275–291. https://org/10.3934/jimo.2018043.
  • Agarwal, S.2014. “Fuzzy Slack Based Measure of Data Envelopment Analysis: A Possibility Approach. “In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Soft Computing for Problem Solving. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, edited by M. Pant, K. Deep, A. Nagar, and J. Bansal, 258. NewDelhi:Springer. https://org/10.1007/978-81-322-1771-8_63.
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  • Aldamak, A., and S. Zolfaghari.2017. “Review of Efficiency Ranking Methods in Data Envelopment Analysis. “Measurement 106: 161–172. https://org/10.1016/j.measurement.2017.04.028.
  • Alves, C. G. M. F., and L. A. Meza.2023. “A Review of Network DEA Models Based on Slacks-Based Measure: Evolution of Literature, Applications, and Further Research Direction. “International Transactions in Operational Research 30: 2729–2760. https://org/10.1111/itor.13284.
  • Amirteimoori, A., A. Emrouznejad, and L. Khoshandam.2013. “Classifying Flexible Measures in Data Envelopment Analysis: A Slack-Based Measure. “Measurement 46, no.10: 4100–4107. https://org/10.1016/j.measurement.2013.08.019.
  • Aparicio, J., L. Ortiz, and J. T. Pastor.2017. “Measuring and Decomposing Profit Inefficiency Through the Slacks-Based Measure. “European Journal of Operational Research 260, no. 2: 650–654. https://org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.12.038.
  • Arabi, B., S. Munisamy, and A. Emrouznejad.2015. “A New Slacks-Based Measure of Malmquist-Luenberger Index in the Presence of Undesirable Outputs. “Omega 51: 29–37. https://org/10.1016/j.omega.2014.08.006.
  • Arana-Jimenez, M., M. C. Sanchez-Gil, and S. Lozano.2020. “A Fuzzy DEA Slacks-Based Approach. “Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 404: 113180.
  • Arabi, B., S. Munisamy, A. Emrouznejad, and F. Shadman.2014. “Power Industry Restructuring and Eco-efficiency Changes: a New Slacks-based
  • Model in Malmquist–Luenberger Index Measurement. “Energy Policy 68: 132–145. https://org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.016.
  • Arya, A., and S. P. Yadav.2017. “A Fuzzy Dual SBM Model With Fuzzy Weights: An Application to the Health Sector. “In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Soft Computing for Problem Solving, edited by K. Deep, J. C. Bansal, and K. N. Das, et al. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Vol. 546. Singapore: Springer. https://org/10.1007/978-981-10-3322-3_21.
  • Arya, A., and S. P. Yadav.2018. “Development of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Super-Efficiency Slack Based Measure With an Application to Health Sector. “Computers &Industrial Engineering 115: 368–380. https://org/10.1016/j.cie.2017.11.028.
  • Avkiran, N. K., K. Tone, and M. Tsutsui.2008. “Bridging Radial and Non-Radial Measures of Efficiency in DEA. “Annals of Operations Research164: 127–138. https://org/10.1007/s10479-008-0356-8.
  • Avkiran, N. K.2011. “Association of DEA Super-efficiency Estimates With Financial Ratios: Investigating the Case for Chinese Banks. “Omega 39, no. 3: 323–334. https://org/10.1016/j.omega.2010.08.001.
  • Azadi, M., and F. Saen.2012a. “Developing a Nondiscretionary Slacks-Based Measure Model for Supplier Selection in the Presence of Stochastic Data. “Research Journal of Business Management 6: 103–120. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjbm.2012.103.120.
  • Azadi, M., and F. Saen.2012b. “Developing an Imprecise-WPF-SBM-Undesirable Model for Supplier Selection. “International Journal of Business Innovation and Research 6, no. 6: 597–614.
  • Azizi, H., S. Kordrostami, and A. Amirteimoori.2015. “Slacks-Based Measures of Efficiency in Imprecise Data Envelopment Analysis: An Approach Based on Data Envelopment Analysis with Double Frontiers. “Computers & Industrial Engineering 79: 42–51.
  • Badunenko, O., and P. Mozharovskyi.2020. “Statistical Inference for the Russell Measure of Technical Efficiency. “Journal of the Operational Research Society 71, no. 3: 517–527. https://org/10.1080/01605682.2019. 1599778.
  • Banker, , A. Charnes, and W. Cooper.1984. “Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis. “Management Science 30, no. 9: 1078–1092. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.30.9.1078.
  • Bhat, Z. U. H., D. Sultana, and Q. F. Dar.2019. “A Comprehensive Review of Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA)in Sports. “Journal of Sports Economics & Management 9, no. 2: 82–109.
  • Boďa, M.          2020.      “Classifying         Flexible Measures             in              Data Envelopment Analysis: A Slacks-Based Measure—A Comment. “Measurement 150: 107045. https://org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.  107045.
  • Boloori, F., and J. Pour-Mahmoud.2016. “A Modified SBM-NDEA Approach for the Efficiency Measurement in Bank Branches. “Inter-national Journal of Operational Research 16: 301–326. https://org/10.1007/s12351-015-0201-1.
  • Bolós, V. J., R. Benítez, and V. Coll-Serrano.2023. “Continuous Models Combining Slacks-Based Measures of Efficiency and Super-efficiency. “Central European Journal of Operations Research 31: 363–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10100-022-00813-5.
  • Chang, T. -S., K. Tone, and C. -H. Wu.2015. “Past-Present-Future Intertemporal DEA Models. “Journal of the Operational Research Society 66, no.1: 16–32. https://org/10.1057/jors.2013.139.
  • Chang, T. -S., K. Tone, and C. -H. Wu.2016. “DEA Models Incorporating Uncertain Future Performance. “European Journal of Operational Research 254, no. 2: 532–549. https://org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.04.005.
  • Chang, T. -S., K. Tone, and C. -H. Wu.2020. “Nested Dynamic Network Data Envelopment Analysis Models With Infinitely Many Decision Making Units for Portfolio Evaluation. “European Journal of Operational Research 291: 766–781. https://org/10.1016/j.ejor.2020.09.044.
  • Charnes, A., C. T. Clark, W. W. Cooper, and B. Golany.1985. “A Development Study of Data Envelopment Analysis in Measuring the Effect of Maintenance Units in the US Air Force. “Annals of Operations Research 2: 95–112. https://org/10.1007/BF01874734.
  • Charnes, A., W. W. Cooper, and E. Rhodes.1978. “Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units. “European Journal of Operational Research 2, no. 6: 429–444. https://org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8.
  • Chang, Y. -T., N. Zhang, D. Danao, and N. Zhang.2013. “Environmental Efficiency Analysis of Transportation System in China: a Non-radial DEA Approach. “Energy Policy 58: 277–283. https://org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.03.011.
  • Chen, C. -M.2013. “Super Efficiencies or Super Inefficiencies? Insights From a Joint Computation Model for Slacks-Based Measures in DEA. “European Journal of Operational Research 226, no. 2: 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2012.10.031.
  • Chen, X., X. Liu, Q. Wu, M. Deveci, and L. Martínez.2022. “Measuring Technological Innovation Efficiency Using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Super-efficiency Slack-Based Measure Approach. “Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 116: 105405. https://org/10.1016/j.engappai.2022.105405.
  • Chen, Y., Y. Li, L. Liang, and H. Wu.2019. “An Extension on Super Slacks Based Measure DEA Approach. “Annals of Operations Research278, no.1: 101–121. https://org/10.1007/s10479-017-2495-2.
  • Chen, Y., Y. Li, L. Liang, A. Salo, and H. Wu.2016. “Frontier Projection and Efficiency Decomposition in Two-Stage Processes With Slacks-Based Measures. “European Journal of Operational Research 250, no. 2: 543–554. https://org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.09.031.
  • Chiu, Y. -h., J. -C. Lin, C. -C. Hsu, and J. W. Lee.2013. “Carbon Emission Allowances of Efficiency Analysis: Application of Super SBM ZSG-DEA Model. “Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 22, no. 3: 653–666.
  • Choi, Y., N. Zhang, and P. Zhou.2012. “Efficiency and Abatement Costs of Energy-related CO2 Emissions in China: a Slacks-based Efficiency Measure. “Applied Energy 98: 198–208. https://org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.03.024.
  • Chu, J. -F., J. Wu, and M. -L. Song.2018. “An SBM-DEA Model With Parallel Computing Design for Environmental Efficiency Evaluation in the Big Data Context: A Transportation System Application. “Annals of Operations Research 270: 105–124. https://org/10.1007/s10479-016-2264-7.
  • Cook, W. D., and L. M. Seiford.2009. “Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)—Thirty Years On. “European Journal of Operational Research 192, no.1: 1–17. https://org/10.1016/j.ejor.2008.01.032.
  • Cooper, W., L. Seiford, and K. Tone.2007. Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Text With Models, Applications, References and DEA-Solver Software, 2nd ed. New York: Springer. https://org/10.1007/978-0-387-45283-8.
  • Cooper, W. W., L. M. Seiford, and K. Tone.2006. Introduction to Data Envelopment Analysis and its Uses: With DEA-Solver Software and References. New York: Springer. https://org/10.1007/0-387-29122-9.
  • Cui, Q., and Z. -Y. Jin.2020. “Airline Environmental Efficiency Measures Considering Negative Data: An Application of a Modified Network Modified Slacks-Based Measure Model. “Energy 207: 118221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118221.
  • Cui, Q., and L. -T. Yu.2021. “A Review of Data Envelopment Analysis in Airline Efficiency: State of the Art and Prospects. “Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021: 1–13. https://org/10.1155/2021/2931734.
  • Dar, Q. F., A. Y. Hyo, G. F. Dar, S. A. Bhat, A. M. Tali, and Y. H. Bhat.2019. “Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis With SBM Using α-Level Fuzzy Approach. “Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research15, no. 2: 481–501.
  • Daraio, C., K. Kerstens, T. Nepomuceno, and C. Sickles.2020. “Empirical Surveys of Frontier Applications: A Meta-Review. “International Transactions in Operational Research 27: 709–738. https://doi.org/10.1111/itor.12649.
  • Del Barrio-Tellado, M. J., M. Gómez-Vega, J. D. Gómez-Zapata, and L. C. Herrero-Prieto.2021. “Urban Public Libraries: Performance Analysis Using Dynamic-Network-DEA. “Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 74: 100928. https://org/10.1016/j.seps.2020.100928.
  • Du, J., L. Liang, and J. Zhu.2010. “A Slacks-Based Measure of Super-Efficiency in Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comment. “European Journal of Operational Research 204, no. 3: 694–697. https://org/10.1016/j.ejor.2009.12.007.
  • Ebrahimzadeh Shermeh, H., S. E. Najafi, and M. H. Alavidoost.2016. “A Novel Fuzzy Network SBM Model for Data Envelopment Analysis: A Case Study in Iran Regional Power Companies. “Energy 112: 686–697. https://org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.087.
  • Emrouznejad, A., and G. R. Amin.2009. “DEA Models for Ratio Data: Convexity Consideration. “Applied Mathematical Modelling 33, no.1:486– 498. https://org/10.1016/j.apm.2007.11.018.
  • Emrouznejad, A., M. Marra, G. -L. Yang, and M. Michali.2023. “Eco-Efficiency Considering NetZero and Data Envelopment Analysis: A Critical Literature Review. “IMA Journal of Management Mathematics 34: 599–632. https://org/10.1093/imaman/dpad002.
  • Emrouznejad, A., V. Podinovski, C. Lu, V. Charles, and A. Moradi-Motlagh.2025. “Rajiv Banker’s Lasting Impact on Data Envelopment Analysis. “Annals of Operations Research 1–20.
  • Emrouznejad, A., and G. Yang.2018. “A Survey and Analysis of the First 40 Years of Scholarly Literature in DEA:1978–2016. “Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 61, no.1: 1–5. https://org/10.1016/j.seps.2017.01.008.
  • Färe, , and S. Grosskopf.1996. Intertemporal Production Frontiers: With Dynamic DEA. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
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  • Färe, , and S. Grosskopf.2010a. “Directional Distance Functions and Slacks-Based Measures of Efficiency. “European Journal of Operational Research 200: 320–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2009.01.031.
  • Färe, , and S. Grosskopf.2010b. “Directional Distance Functions and Slacks-Based Measures of Efficiency: Some Clarifications. “European Journal of Operational Research 206: 702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2010.02.033.
  • Färe, , S. Grosskopf, B. Lindgren, and P. Roos. 1994. “Productivity Change in Swedish Hospitals: A Malmquist Output Index Approach. “In Data Envelopment Analysis: Theory, Methodology and Applications, edited by A. Charnes, W. W. Cooper, A. Y. Lewin, and M. L. Seiford, 253–272. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0637-5_13.
  • Färe, , and C. A. K. Lovell.1978. “Measuring the Technical Efficiency of Production. “Journal of Economic Theory 19, no.1: 150–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0531(78)90060-1.
  • Fang, H. H., H. S. Lee, S. N. Hwang, and C. C. Chung.2013. “A Slacks-Based Measure of Super-efficiency in Data Envelopment Analysis: An Alternative Approach. “Omega 41, no. 4: 731–734. https://org/10.1016/j.omega.2012.10.004.
  • Fang, Z., W. Gui, Z. Han, and L. Lan. 2024. “The Efficiency Evaluation and Influencing Factor Analysis of Regional Green Innovation: A Refined Dynamic Network Slacks-Based Measure Approach. “Kybernetes53, no. 6: 2153–2193. https://org/10.1108/K-03-2022-0420.
  • Fried, H. O., C. A. K. Lovell, S. S. Schmidt, and S. Yaisawarng.2002. “Accounting for Environmental Effects and Statistical Noise in Data Envelopment Analysis. “Journal of Productivity Analysis 17, no.1/2: 157–174. https://org/10.1023/a:1013548723393.
  • Fukuyama, H., and W. L. Weber.2009. “A Directional Slacks-Based Measure of Technical Inefficiency. “Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 43, no. 4: 274–287. https://org/10.1016/j.seps.2008.12.001.
  • Gerami, J., M. R. Mozaffari, P. F. Wanke, and H. Correa.2022. “A Novel Slacks-Based Model for Efficiency and Super-Efficiency in DEA-R. “OperationalResearch:AnInternationalJournal 22: 3373–3410. https://org/10.1007/s12351-021-00679-6.
  • Ghaffari, F., and M. Haghiri.2020. “A Slacks-based Measure in the Presence of Ratio Variable With Convexity Consideration. “Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science 35, no.1: 53–62. https://org/10.9734/jamcs/2020/v35i130239.
  • Grifell-Tatjé, E., and C. A. K. Lovell.1995. “A Note on the Malmquist Productivity Index. “Economics Letters 47, no. 2: 169–175. https://org/10.1016/0165-1765(94)00497-p.
  • Grosskopf, S.2003. “Some Remarks on Productivity and its Decomposition: Special Issue on Efficiency Analysis: Proceedings of a Research Workshop on the State-of-the-Art and Future Research in Efficiency Analysis. “JournalofProductivityAnalysis20:459–474. https://org/10. 1023/A:1027364119672.
  • Guo, D., and Z. -Q. Cai.2020. “An Integrated Slacks-Based Measure of Super-Efficiency With Input Saving and Output Surplus Scaling Factors and its Application in Paper Chemical Mills. “Journal of Chemistry 2020: 6161343. https://org/10.1155/2020/6161343.
  • Guo, I. -L., H. -S. Lee, and D. Lee.2017. “An Integrated Model for Slack-Based Measure of Super-efficiency in Additive DEA. “Omega 67: 160–167. https://org/10.1016/j.omega.2016.05.002.
  • Guo, Y., L. Tong, and L. Mei.2020. “The Effect of Industrial Agglomeration on Green Development Efficiency in Northeast China Since the Revitalization. “JournalofCleanerProduction258:120584. https://org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120584.
  • Hadi-Vencheh, A., J. Jablonsky, and A. Esmaeilzadeh.2015. “The Slack-Based Measure Model Based on Supporting Hyperplanes of Production Possibility Set. “Expert Systems With Applications 42, no.19: 6522–6529. https://org/10.1016/j.eswa.2015.03.032.
  • Hosseininia, S. S., and F. Saen.2020. “Developing a Novel Inverse Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Model for Evaluating After-Sales Units. “Expert Systems 37, no. 5: e12579. https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.12579.
  • Hsiao, B., C. -C. Chern, Y. -H. Chiu, and C. – Chiu.2011. “Using Fuzzy Super-Efficiency Slack-Based Measure Data Envelopment Analysis to Evaluate Taiwan’s Commercial Bank Efficiency. “Expert Systems With Applications 38: 9147–9156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.01.075.
  • Hu, X. -Y., J. -S. Li, X. -Y. Li, and J. -C. Cui.2021. “Carbon Emissions Abatement (CEA) Allocation Based on Inverse Slack-Based Model (SBM). “Journal of the Operations Research Society of China 9: 475–498.
  • Huang, H. -C., F. -B. Liu, and C. -F. Hu.2022. “A Slacks-Based Measure Approach for Efficiency Measurement of Recycling Production Systems With Imprecise Data. “Journal of Mathematics 14: 4909856. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4909856.
  • Huang, J., X. Yang, G. Cheng, and S. Wang.2014. “A Comprehensive Eco-Efficiency Model and Dynamics of Regional Eco-Efficiency in China. “Journal of Cleaner Production 67: 228–238. https://org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.003.
  • Hussain, M. T., R. Ramli, and Khalid.2016. “A Hybrid Integer Data Envelopment Analysis Based on an Alternative Approach of Super Slack Based Measure for Measuring Super Efficiency and Inefficiency of Decision Making Units. “Far East Journal of Mathematical Sciences 100, no.1: 147–170.
  • Jablonsky, J.2006. “A Slack Based Model for Measuring Super-Efficiency in Data Envelopment Analysis. “Multi-Criteria Decision-Making 5: 101– 112.
  • Jablonsky, J.2016. “Efficiency Analysis in Multi-period Systems: An Application to Performance Evaluation in Czech Higher Education. “Central European Journal of Operations Research 24: 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10100-015-0401-z.
  • Jahanshahloo, G. R., M. Soleimani-Damaneh, and E. Nasrabadi.2004. “Measure of Efficiency in DEA With Fuzzy Input–Output Levels: A Methodology for Assessing, Ranking and Imposing of Weights Restrictions org/10.1016/j.amc.2003.07.036.
  • Jamshidi, M., M. Sanei, A. Mahmoodirad, F. H. Lotfi, and G. Tohidi.2021. “Uncertain SBM Data Envelopment Analysis Model: A Case Study in Iranian Banks. “International Journal of Finance & Economics 26: 2674–2689. https://org/10.1002/ijfe.1927.
  • Johnes, G., and K. Tone.2016. “The Efficiency of Higher Education Institutions in England Revisited: Comparing Alternative Measures. “Tertiary Education and Management 23, no. 5: 1–15. https://org/10.1080/13583883.2016.1203457.
  • Kalantary, M., and F. Saen.2019. “Assessing Sustainability of Supply Chains: An Inverse Network Dynamic DEA Model. “Computers & Industrial Engineering 135: 1224–1238.
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  • Kao, C.2014a. “Network Data Envelopment Analysis: A Review. “Euro-pean Journal of Operational Research 239, no.1: 1–16. https://org/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.02.039.
  • Kao, C.2014b. “Efficiency Decomposition in Network Data Envelopment AnalysisWithSlacks-BasedMeasures. “Omega45:1–6. https://org/10.1016/j.omega.2013.12.002.
  • Kao, C.2022a. “Closest Targets in the Slacks-Based Measure of Efficiency for Production Units With Multi-Period Data. “European Journal of Operational Research 297: 1042–1054. https://org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.05.050.
  • Kao, C.2022b. “A Maximum Slacks-Based Measure of Efficiency for Closed Series Production Systems. “Omega 106: 102525. https://org/10.1016/j.omega.2021.102525.
  • Kao, C., andS. -T. Liu.2020. “ASlacks-Based Measure Model for Calculating Cross Efficiency in Data Envelopment Analysis. “Omega 95: 102192. https://org/10.1016/j.omega.2020.102192.
  • Kordrostami, S., A. Amirteimoori, S. Jahani, and M. Noveiri.2019. “Inputs and Outputs Classification in Integer-Valued Data Envelopment Anal-ysis. “Measurement 139: 317–325. https://org/10.1016/j.measurement. 2019.02.087.
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  • Łącka, I., and Ł. Brzezicki.2020. “Efficiency of the Research and Development Activities of Technical Universities in Poland. “Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy 63, no. 3: 258–274. https://org/10.15584/nsawg.2020. 3.13.
  • Łącka, I., and Ł. Brzezicki.2022. “Joint Analysis of National Eco-efficiency, Eco-innovation and SDGS in Europe: DEA Approach. “Technological and Economic Development of Economy 28, no. 6: 1739–1767. https://org/10.3846/tede.2022.17702.
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  • Lee, H. -S.2021a. “An Integrated Model for SBM and Super-SBM DEA Models. “Journal of the Operational Research Society 72, no. 5: 1174–1182. https://org/10.1080/01605682.2020.1755900.
  • Lee, H. -S.2021b. “Slacks-Based Measures of Efficiency and Super-Efficiency in Presence of Nonpositive Data. “Omega 103: 102395. https://org/10.1016/j.omega.2021.102395.
  • Lee, H. -S.2022a. “Identifying Pareto-Efficient Projection of Super-SBM With Undesirable Outputs: One Model Approach. “Journal of the Oper-ational Research Society 74, no. 7: 1730–1745. https://org/10.1080/01605682.2022.2110003.
  • Lee, H. -S.2022b. “Integrating SBM Model and Super-SBM Model: A One-Model Approach. “Omega 113: 102693. https://org/10.1016/j.omega.2022.102693.
  • Li, Y., X. Shi, A. Emrouznejad, and L. Liang.2018. “Environmental Performance Evaluation of Chinese Industrial Systems: A Network SBM Approach. “Journal of the Operational Research Society 69, no. 6: 825–839. https://org/10.1057/s41274-017-0257-9.
  • Lim, C., G. Kim, and H. -K. Ha.2022. “Airline Company’s Resource Reallocation Using Network Centralized Data Envelopment Analysis With Slack-based Measure. “Journal of International Logistics and Trade 20, no. 4: 174–189. https://org/10.1108/JILT-07-2022-0028.
  • Lin, , W. Yang, and H. Huang.2019. “A Modified Slacks-Based Super-Efficiency Measure in the Presence of Negative Data. “Computers & Industrial Engineering 135: 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2019.05. 030.
  • Lin, S., H. -L. Shi, and Y. -M. Wang.2022. “An Integrated Slacks-Based Super-Efficiency Measure in the Presence of Nonpositive Data. “Omega 111: 102669. https://org/10.1016/j.omega.2022.102669.
  • Liu, F. -H. F., and C. L. Chen.2009. “The Worst-practice DEA Model with Slack- Based Measurement. “Computers & Industrial Engineering 57, no. 2: 496–505. https://org/10.1016/j.cie.2007.12.021.
  • Liu, J. S., L. Y. Lu, W. -M. Lu, and B. J. Lin.2013a. “Data Envelopment Analysis 1978–2010: A Citation-Based Literature Survey. “Omega 41, no.1: 3–15. https://org/10.1016/j.omega.2010.12.006.
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